2002 Salt Lake City Olympics

Section II: Case Study II – The Salt Lake Organising Committee: 2002 Olympics Our analysis of the case study had the following objectives: 1. To focus on the role of the new management in redesigning the organization to ensure successful execution of the 2002 Winter Olympics; 2. To identify the practices involved in the various stages of the project life cycle; 3. To discover how testing and validation reduce risk and uncertainty when planning a one-time event such as the Olympics.The bribery scandal and how it underpins the sequence of events The bribery scandal had a huge impact on the planning of the Olympics as the financial viability of the games depended on the involvement of various stakeholders and their reaction to the scandal could define the ultimate success of the event, for example: †¢The SLC Olympics were originally budgeted at $ 1. 55 billion, as $ 751 million was expected to materialize from sponsorships. At the time, this figure meant that SLOC would sign up sponsors far in excess of what had been done in prior Winter Games.In the wake of the scandal one delicate negotiation with health-care giant Johnson & Johnson was broken off followed by withdrawals from other sponsors. †¢After the scandal the federal government, which was meant to provide funds for transportation and security, pulled back; †¢The impact of the scandal on the general public should also be taken into consideration, as people would be expected to purchase tickets and turn the Games into a profitable business venture.After the scandal SLOC recognised the need to separate the tainted committee of the past from its future; therefore, Mitt Romney was brought in as CEO and Fraser Bullock as COO. The challenges were correctly identified right from the start of their appointment: $400 million budget deficit, knowledge gap, lack of relevant experience, dysfunctional organisation, staff operating in silos, inexperienced volunteer staff, no operational plan in plac e.Effective action plans were implemented in order to tackle the above challenges: tiered level of importance expense categorisation was introduced, new revenue generating areas were identified, people with significant international event experience were brought in and meld with those that had no such prior experience, the organisation was flattened to shorten the distance between Romney and Bullock and some key functional areas, staff was empowered by top management to come up with own solutions to challenges, an organisational culture was built up to give all staff the ense of common purpose. Hugely optimistic budget As a result of the scandal, the budget given to Romney when he joined SLOC reflected millions of revenue dollars unlikely to materialize. Due to the existing challenges, the financial strategy became the core project strategy. The objective of the new financial strategy was to restore confidence by creating a validated budget while keeping the books wide open. The ent ire system of managing the project is therefore, severely impacted by this strategy. Cash flow rules with support from the bottomIn order to cut unnecessary costs, Bullock categorized all expenses into what he called a â€Å"tired level of importance†. The classification took care of a lot of overheads automatically. Bullock also developed further Romney’s idea of identifying new revenue generating areas: sponsors were approached to fill in as many gaps in the budget as possible – for example, SLOC convinced Microsoft to develop and host the website as a sponsor. To secure the necessary cuts, Bullock realized he had to win the trust of Olympic staffers.Bullock made sure the staff knew the ‘lack of choice’ scenario behind the strategy of cost cuts, but more importantly he wanted his staff to feel comfortable with the cost cuts philosophy and incorporate it into their own decision making. He let the functional managers decide on their own lists of pri orities when suggesting cost cuts. In this sense, the focus of SLOC was to empower its management teams to come up with their own solutions to challenges rather than enforcing decisions using top-down authoritative approach.Restructuring the dysfunctional organization, bringing in experienced managers and building organizational culture Along with the assessment of the budget, Romney and Bullock reviewed the inherited organization and discovered a number of issues: †¢The organization was poorly structured as the staff operated in silos and some key functions were 2-3 steps away from Bullock and Romney, when they should have reported directly to one or both of them.The fix was to flatten the organization by elevating 18 positions to the managing director level, each responsible for overseeing several functions and venues and reporting directly to Romney and/or Bullock. †¢There was no transfer of knowledge between Games, although held regularly since 1896. The solution for t his was to bring in at least one person with prior Olympics experience to work in each functional department. This enabled the little formal knowledge transfer between Olympics †¢Most of the staff would consist of inexperienced volunteers who needed to be integrated with the few staff who had significant international event experience.As one of the managing directors elaborated – people with different job histories who cannot be promoted are doing the same job for a fixed period of time. What therefore sets the Olympics apart from a typical business is the lack of corporate culture, history, and future. To compensate for the lack of experience in running international events of enormous complexity like the Olympics, and to give all staff a common purpose, Romney developed a list of 5 core principles, which he and Bullock held as SLOC’s guiding principles and which they consistently communicated to all staff to give a sense of common purpose.Developing the operatio nal plan and switching to venue-based management Although the technical side of the project was on track (building the facilities for the Olympics), there was no operational plan in place as to how to run the venues during the game. Matt Lehman was hired as project manager responsible for the action plans. A year before the games the management process was changed from functional responsibility to venue responsibility, which meant that the operational plans could be tested and validated. Testing of Operational plansThe commitment to a defect-free Winter Olympics resulted in the testing of plans prior to the starting of the games, the following verification and validation approaches took place: venue testing, gaining insights into major customers’ experience reviews, operations simulations, test events, and dress rehearsals. Learning outcomes: The SLOC case study contains many DO’s with regard to project management and the role of the project leader. The new management had successfully turned an underbudgeted project into a profitable one. Leadership and the ability to delegate were very well performed by the COO Fraser Bullock and the CEO Mitt Romney.They managed to bring back sponsors and restored confidence within the organization. The success of the programme is based on the following factors: †¢Despite the lack of previous relevant experience, the Romney/Bullock tandem perfectly understood that results are delivered by people within a validated budget. †¢The right people were identified and hired. †¢By securing the budget, restructuring the organization, and empowering the staff to come up with their own solutions to daily challenges the tandem managed to balance the trade offs among cost, time, scope, quality and risks and deliver the Games. Both possessed the skill sets that allowed them to manage the processes and lead the staff by applying ‘technical’ and ‘adaptive’ approaches to solving project ch allenges. Issues were correctly identified right from the start; correct remedies were applied to tackle the issues rather than just the symptoms. †¢Bullock’s previous experience in turning money loosing companies into profitable businesses provided him with a set of skills quite relevant to his SLOC appointment.He had previously done the same financial makeover the Salt Lake City Games needed to other companies, providing him with the confidence that he could enter an unfamiliar industry and become conversant with it after a short assessment period. †¢Operational success was ensured by hiring a professional project manager (Matt Lehman) to overview the creation and execution of the operational plans. †¢Risks were identified and tested 6 months prior to the Olympics; the operational plans were tested, amended (if required), and validated. SLOC planned, executed and implemented the successful Salt Lake Winter Olympics through following the methodology of Concurr ent Engineering – an integrated approach which defines a project model, divides the project into major systems accordingly and delivers the project in a single phase. Each part or system is entrusted to a team consisting of experts. This approach helped to reduce project delivery times and costs despite increased uncertainties, ambiguities, and complexities that surrounded the project. My organization is a functional one and doesn’t have a dedicated project management team.Projects are managed within the existing functional hierarchy of the organization. Once management decides on a particular project, the different parts of the project are delegated to the respective functional units. The fact that project participants come from different functional backgrounds often makes projects difficult to co-ordinate and execute. For this reason projects are often viewed as an additional burden to which functional managers could be reluctant to allocate resources. Ultimately, st aff is not truly motivated to participate as projects are seen as something outside the scope of their usual responsibilities.The SLOC case study represents a good example of how to create a cohesive environment in which a cross-functional team could best use the creativity and capabilities it can provide. The case study shows that it is not enough just to manage a cross-functional team, it needs a true leader. On another hand, the case study provides an excellent example of how the project manager should be aware when to use the â€Å"project manager hat† versus the â€Å"technical specialist hat† as ultimately, the project manager should focus on their role as the leader and let the team handle their tasks according to their experience and expertise.The case study demonstrates how the project manager’s role on the outside should be building support and sponsorship from key stakeholders and building trust and creating an environment of open communication within the project team. Projects in my organisation would be more successful if these ideas are better incorporated in practice.

Higher education Essay

The percentage of young adults learning in institutions of higher education in both Wales and England has dramatically increased over the years. In fact, comparing the 2004/05 figures to those of the 1960s, this percentage has increased by almost seven times. The increase in the number of young people pursuing higher education has been simulated in several parts of the world. For instance, in Australia, students’ population enrolling in institutions of higher education has significantly increased by more than fifty percent between the years 1996 and 2005. although there are several factors influencing the increase in the number of young people opting to pursue higher education, the main factor that has been attributed to the increasing figures is the relationship between future careers of the young people and the degrees being studied at the colleges (Brooks, Rachel and Glyn Everett, para 2). Significance of degree to one’s career It is generally acknowledged that most of the world’s economies in particular the western ones, are increasingly becoming based more on communication, information and knowledge and not on other factors such as physical production. This has indeed led to the coining of the knowledge economy term. If nations are to participate effectively in the world’s economy that is largely driven by knowledge, they have to continuously develop a workforce that is highly educated. Such a workforce is in fact perceived as a crucial component for prosperity in the future. As a result corporations have over the years placed more emphasis on hiring people with the right knowledge and information. A great percentage of such skills are obtained from the institutions of higher learning. Since the virtually all the young adults are seeking to be employed in these organizations in future, they have no alternative but to seek higher education (Gedye, Sharon, Elizabeth Fender and Brian Chalkley, para 4). The workplace of the modern world is also increasingly becoming subject to several changes. On the part of the labour force, this basically means higher propensity of making many turns in one’s career as well as making many career adjustments. In virtually all professions, it is generally anticipated that the job’s nature will undergo major changes. In order to fight effectively for various employment opportunities in a labour market that is highly dynamic, graduates have to be well equipped with flexibility, skills, adaptability, intellect and knowledge. Lasting learning skills have become very significant in careers because graduates of the current century do not anticipate for careers or jobs which are static. These competencies responsible for determining one’s ability to pursue a career in the 21st century are mainly obtained from the institutions of higher learning, therefore explaining the importance of the degrees in one’s future career opportunities (Gedye, Sharon, Elizabeth Fender and Brian Chalkley, para 4). In most cases, the first degree is the minimum level of qualification needed for someone to get into a good employment and career. Even though some of the major requirements of several careers are not offered by the institutions of higher learning, it is difficult for an individual to get into an organisation and serve in a certain position without the basic academic requirement, the first degree. Depending on the organisation, the young graduates are then expected to learn certain competencies within the organisation that will assist them working productively in the organisation. All the competencies acquired due to working in a certain organisation are only expected to add weight to the knowledge and skills possessed by the employee because of having acquired a degree from the institutions of higher learning (Brooks, Rachel and Glyn Everett, para 10). The growth in part time and temporal forms of employment among young graduates can be well explained by behavioural alterations and not any structural shifts in either demand or supply. These forms of jobs may be brought about by certain deliberate graduates’ choices. Such options arise either because such jobs are perceived to be suitable investment opportunities or due to the fact that they represent increased levels of flexibility and freedom to the young graduates. Therefore, what may be viewed as a trap of career for the low level employees is capable of presenting something quite different for the graduates who are more educated. Pursuing higher education is thus perceived by the young people as a great chance of having a successful and a fulfilling career in a high ranking organisation. The young people also perceive acquiring degrees as a great opportunity of having careers that are flexible and well paying. Higher education is therefore very important while struggling to work in a certain field. Without, this form of education, it is almost impossible for the young people to convince employers that they are capable of working productively in their organisations (Brooks, Rachel and Glyn Everett, para 16). Higher education with the United Kingdom and other places across the world has an increasing responsibility inclined towards prospects of employment for the graduates, as this class of individuals start acting as customers. Due to the high costs incurred by students as well as their families in acquiring higher education, students seek pursuing courses that will eventually lead them to high paying careers. One’s career has a great significance on an individual’s social status. Most of the careers bringing such effects can only be acquired through studying certain courses in institutions of higher learning. There is therefore a great connection between the degrees students are pursuing at the universities and the careers they will pursue later in life (Gedye, Sharon, Elizabeth Fender and Brian Chalkley, para 6). In several governments such as that of United Kingdom, there is significant emphasis on creation of employment opportunities based on priorities of higher education qualifications. Institutions of higher learning are expected to improve, monitor and evaluate their guidance, careers, education and information in ways indicating high performance and quality. In fact, in UK, starting from the year 2000, these institutions are required to provide data concerning employment of the students who have recently graduated from such institutions. Such data is then used in monitoring the relevance of the degrees offered in these institutions and the qualifications needed by the labour market. This is due to the fact that it is expected that once the students pursue higher education, they should be absorbed by the labour market because they have the right qualifications. Therefore, if this is not the case, it is deemed that these institutions are not playing their role effectively (Gedye, Sharon, Elizabeth Fender and Brian Chalkley, para 8). According to the study that was carried out by Gedye, Sharon, Elizabeth Fender and Brian Chalkley, para 20, in which they sought to know why most graduates and undergraduates seek higher learning, it is evident that they have career as the main driving force. Most of the graduate and undergraduate respondents who were interviewed by these researchers said that they pursue their degrees in order to improve their career and job prospects. According to these students, employers look for young graduates who have pursued certain degrees in institutions of higher learning and thus they have to obtain the minimum academic requirements from these institutions in order to secure a good job or career in future. Degrees are therefore very important for students as they seek for ways of improving their careers in future. The students are aware that most of the competencies and skills searched by employers cannot be obtained through the formal education. However, they know that the skills and competencies obtained from the institutions of higher learning provide a sound base upon which the skills and competencies needed by employers can be developed. Conclusion Higher education remains the single most significant component of career improvement. It is for this reason enrolment of young people into these institutions has increased considerably over the years. Higher education provides students with the needed skills and competencies of pursuing their dream careers. The modern workplaces demand employees to be highly competent, productive and dynamic. These are skills that are much emphasised in the institutions of higher education. As a result, employers have a very high propensity of employing graduates as opposed to hiring individuals who have not attained the minimum basic requirements for good employment opportunities. The nature of today’s job opportunities is highly flexible and dynamic, since most graduates posses these abilities, they are able to fit well in today’s workplaces.

Life Span Development and Personality Essay

Today the topic of discussion will focus on the famous Sigmund Freud and his viewpoints on developmental psychology. This discussion seeks to answer four questions about Sigmund Freud’s life. The first topic is Sigmund Fraud’s influences and environment in psychological development. Second the discussion seeks to reveal Sigmund Freud’s view of family issues or support systems that influenced Freud’s developmental growth and adjustment. Third the discussion seeks to explain two different theories of personality. The discussion seeks to explain how each theory differs in terms of the explanation of Freud’s unique pattern and traits. The fourth and final topic of discussion seeks to explain the theatrical approach that explains both Freud’s behaviors and achievements. The reason this paper chose to write about famous Sigmund Freud explained. Sigmund Freud was born in 1856 and died in 1940. Freud studied the personality of humans. Freud describes three major systems of the human personality. Sigmund Freud’s structural model is as follows: 1. the id holds the human sexual and aggression energy driven by impulses and characterized by a human’s primary thinking (Kowalski & Westen, 2011). 2. The superego explains a human’s conscience and a major source of ideas established through a person’s identity (Kowalski & Westen, 2011). 3. The ego describes a person’s desires, morality, and desires (Kowalski & Westen, 2011). Sigmund Freud’s psychosexual development suggest in the first five years the human personality begins. Zero to one is the oral stage of development. Children from zero to one gain the most gratification from sucking than from biting and chewing food and sometimes other objects. In stage one through three describes the anal stage. During the anal stage children seem to gain gratification from defecation through the anus. The conflict begins when children begin potty training. Some children hold back feces causing him or her to become constipated. Generalized by some children’s behavior and the way he or she does, for example, cleanliness, stinginess, or stubbornness. On the other hand some children may have accidents in his or her pants. This may relate to expulsive personality, for example, disorderly conduct, messiness, and throwing fits. The final stage of three to five referred to as the phallic stage (Maitland, 2011). In this stage the genital area becomes a sense of pleasure. This causes the superego to begin and guards against incest and aggression. Children also can feel a sense of inferiority in this stage. Freud suggests mental disorders may come from an individual’s history and not just an individual’s physical impairments. Freud developed a new way to analyze human behavior. Freud’s view explained mental energy comes from the body. Freud believed all humans can only obtain a limited amount of mental energy. Freud believed human behavior was from causation. Freud also believed tension-reduction consist of a human goal for behavior. Freud claims humans consist of two human impulses for example, sexual impulses, and libido. Sexual impulses consist of life affirming impulses. Libido consists of energy source impulses. Needs consist of basic life impulse, aggression consists of death encouraging impulses, and aggressive impulses consist of an energy source for aggressive impulses. When a human impulse grows the more likelihood the human will react on impulses to reduce the need he or she feels to do so. Life affirming libido consists of activities, people objects, or goals. Cathexis consists of the process of investing libidinal energy. When an individual uses excessive cathexis this may lead to neurosis, however, neurosis is treatable. Treatment for neurosis often referred to catharsis or in other words a talking therapy. Sigmund Freud believed mental processes were unconscious. Sigmund Freud believed the conscious contains an individual’s specific information that a person’s paying attention at any given time. Freud believed the preconscious contains information or clues most individuals do not pay attention to unless recalled by a specific situation. Sigmund Freud believed the unconscious contains an individual’s desires, feelings, and thoughts held without an individual’s knowledge. However, these desires, feelings, and thoughts affect an individual’s everyday life. Freud believed the information in an individual’s unconscious emerges by ac cident, such as joke telling, dreams, symptoms of illness, and the associations between individual’s ideas. Sometimes the anger in a person’s unconscious comes out by mistake Understanding Psychology (nd). Another theory of Sigmund Freud contains the three components of personality, for example, id, superego and ego. Freud claimed the three components appear always in conflict with each other, according Freud the conflicts usually appear sexual or aggressive and most violate the societal rules. From a personal standpoint Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalyst theory the way an individual’s personality develops during ages zero to five. However, from a personal standpoint an individual’s personality develops throughout his or her life. For example children’s development goes through the age of 18. Some children take longer to develop than others. Even in adulthood an individual’s experiences and environment may change a person’s personality. Many individual live and are raised in bad environment’s that would affect his or her personality. On the other hand many people are also raised in a good environment that also affects his or her personality i n a positive and occasionally negative manner. In both scenarios an individual’s actions and behavior may affect his or her personalities throughout life. This paper was chosen on Sigmund Freud because he was a very intriguing and an expert in psychological research. In conclusion, this paper revealed the famous research in psychological research by Sigmund Freud. The paper revealed the three components of personality, according to Sigmund Freud. The three components of personality according to Sigmund Freud are id, superego, and ego. Sigmund Freud suggests that most human behavior develops during the age of zero to five. This paper revealed the Sigmund Freud’s view human personality and the unconscious mind of a human. Freud also suggests that many disorders may come from an individual’s history and not just an individual’s physical impairments. Freud suggests most disorders deal with sexual disorders or an individual’s aggressive behavior. Freud also suggests humans act on his or her impulses. Some people may act on bad impulses that may lead to terrible outcomes and consequences for his or her actions. Sigmund Freud was greatly scrutinized for his psychological research. Sigmund Freud was chosen for this paper because his research was very intriguing research in human personality and human behavior. Reference: Kowalski, R., and Westen, D. (2011). Psychology (6th ed.).Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Retrieved from University of Phoenix eBook Col Maitland, L., L. (2011). Personality Theories and Approaches for AP Psychology Retrieved from http://www. education.com Understanding Psychology (nd). Chapter 14 Theories of Personality Retrieved from http://www.glencoe.com

Financing Health care ( Article review) Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Financing Health care ( review) - Article Example Through support from authoritative scholarly studies coming from 61 research literatures on the subject, the authors were able to present a balanced scenario of the status of health care in America and the role of health care reform by providing explanations on who are directly accountable for increased health care spending and the rationale for rising costs. The findings revealed that the previously identified factors presumably contributory to rising health costs were merely marginal expenses and the true culprits to increased health expenditure should be blamed on â€Å"the confluence of rapid technological advance and intense commercialism in medicine, which together may be the most critical factor underlying America’s swelling health care sector† (Siegel, et.al, 2008, 645). Containment of these costs, coupled with the health reform, would ultimately assist in addressing the increasing health care expenditure in the country. Professional Critique It is one’s personal contention that the article was clearly and effectively written, with the overall presentation and structure well illustrated.

Animal Welfare and Advice Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Animal Welfare and Advice - Research Paper Example Moreover, the Animal Welfare Act (1996) states that to purchase an animal, one must be over sixteen years old. Animal health officers, the police and Local councils have the authority of enforcing this Act. The law may ban anyone who is cruel to an animal or does not cater to its welfare needs from owning animals. He or she could also face a fine of up to twenty thousand dollars and/or sent to jail for up to 6 months (Directgov.uk, Para 1-3). As Freeman points out in the Animal Sheltering magazine article titled ‘Help Comes for Neglected Pets, One Step at a Time’, it is not hard for one to detect outright cruelty on animals including a dog set on fire, puppies bagged and thrown in the river or a cat shot with arrows. However, there are other less obvious forms of neglect such as tying up a dog all day on a three-foot chain with no food and water among others, a type of neglect that often stems from ignorance. All forms of neglect deny the animals of their rights and one should not ignore them. Anyone can take steps against animal neglect and cruelty. Perino maintains that when one finds an abandoned, he or she becomes responsible for the safety and welfare of that animal – providing shelter, food and clean water immediately. One should view the animal more closely for possible injuries and in case it has injuries, he should take it to a veterinarian immediately or to the pet to the Animal Emergency Cli nic. PETA.org documents that if one spot an abused or neglected animal, he/she should first, find out the agency that investigates and enforces the anti-cruelty laws in his/her town, county or state. This may be either a Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to  Animals or a taxpayer-funded animal control/shelter or local humane society.

Youth and Problem Gambling in Australia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Youth and Problem Gambling in Australia - Essay Example Gambling is so prevalent that in 1993 alone, Australians spent 6 billion dollars, more or less, on lotteries, horse racing, gaming and other forms of gambling. Most states not only tolerate it, but profits from shares of revenues of these gambling outfits. Gambling’s wide acceptance in the Australian culture and its availability encourage youth gambling (Moore & Ohtsuka 2002, pp. 429-430). Moreover, high gaming and wagering opportunities mostly account for youth gambling in Australia. These opportunities take the form of EGMs that can be found in hotels and clubs in most states except in Western Australia, casinos, and games of chance like X-lotto, Tattslotto, Powerball, Keno, scratch-tickets and Bingo, some of which are sponsored by state governments. In addition, advances in technology open another opportunities for youth participation in gambling and wagering. These new technologies include the internet and mobile telephony. On the other hand, some events that provide gambl ing and wagering opportunities, such as such as sports bar, specifically target the youth as its niche market (South Australian Centre for Economic Studies 2003, p. 1). In 2000, a study was made on 505 Australian youths aged 15 to 17. It was found that 60% of these youth gambled periodically, with 3.5% of them characterised as problem gamblers. On the whole, the study revealed that they had a predilection towards gambling as evinced by their attitude towards gambling, intention to gamble and actual participation. A positive attitude towards gambling was influenced by family, society and peers whilst frequent gambling was associated with parental and peer gambling. It was also revealed that youths whose parents taught them the value of money (budgeting and... In Australia, gambling is a popular and accepted form of pastime and is considered well-entrenched in the Australian culture. Gambling is so prevalent that in 1993 alone, Australians spent 6 billion dollars, more or less, on lotteries, horse racing, gaming and other forms of gambling. Most states not only tolerate it, but profits from shares of revenues of these gambling outfits. Gambling’s wide acceptance in the Australian culture and its availability encourage youth gambling. Moreover, high gaming and wagering opportunities mostly account for youth gambling in Australia.On the other hand, some events that provide gambling and wagering opportunities, such as such as sports bar, specifically target the youth as its niche market. Gambling is well-entrenched in the Australian culture, but gambling really flourished in the 1990s with the introduction of modern EGMs and the proliferation of huge casinos all over the country. Gambling is now considered a growth industry in Australia bringing revenues not only to private operators but to the government as well. The downside, however, to this growth industry are the twin problems of youth and problem gambling that are now slowly emerging in the horizon. Although problem gambling affects only a negligible number of persons, its dispersive nature logically involves more persons than the problem gamblers themselves. On the other hand, youth gambling is closely linked to problem gambling because studies have indicated that most problem gamblers belong to the 18 to 30 age groups, which naturally leads one to conclude that for these people, gambling must have started at a really young age. Studies, which have pegged the crucial age at, as young as, ten, have confirmed th is theory. Youth gambling is closely linked to familial, societal and peer influences.

Prewriting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Prewriting - Assignment Example 2. Is this essay aimed at a particular audience (a sympathetic, neutral, or hostile audience)? Where was it published? This essay is aimed at college students belonging to millennial generation, studying stress tolerance strategies deployed by them and analyzing their effectiveness. The article was published by Project Innovation, Inc. in Spring Hill Station, Virginia (Southeast America). 3. What is the author’s purpose for writing the essay and his or her thesis (main claim)? The authors intend to study lifestyles exhibited by college students of recent generations and stress-handling strategies adopted by them. Through an assessment survey of 246 students, the authors were able to conclude on their thesis that these undergraduates are not managing stress effectively, thereby exposing themselves to high risks of low stress tolerance. The authors mainly claim through this essay that people should create such circumstances for their millennial generation kids going to college t hat they can learn to be independent and handle stress on their own. 4. What assumptions does the author make about the topic of general/liberal arts education (i.e. it is necessary or outdated, or should be modified, or is successful under certain circumstances)? The authors assume that college life is a stressful journey for masses and believe it to be necessary to focus on the millennial generations pertaining to last 30 years since they lack the mature abilities of coping with stress. Current circumstances have led them to adopt methods to combat stress which are highly ineffective and produce adverse effects. The authors have carefully selected and targeted subject-matter for this dissertation that constitutes to issues of modern era. The authors however claim that their research shall not be projected on or taken to be representative of the entire population since they selected a limited sample size for their study. Additionally, due to nature of research methodology adopted, cause and effect relationship cannot be accurately established and needs further verification. 5. What appeals does the author make? See below. Does the author appeal to reason (for example, with use of statistics, expert testimony, or personal experience)? Where and how (might want to write paragraph numbers)? Does the author appeal to emotion (for example, with loaded adjectives)? Where and how (might want to write paragraph numbers)? Does the author appeal to our sense of ethics (what’s right or wrong) by showing he or she is trustworthy? Where and how (might want to write paragraph numbers)? The authors appeal to reason that young generations find it very difficult to cope with stress and use undesirable means to struggle against it, resulting in drastic repercussions. At various places in the article, the articles defend their viewpoint with logical and quantitative reasoning including segments in ‘Millennials and Stress’ paragraph (pp. 364), ‘Stress T olerance’ paragraph (pp. 365), ‘Results’ paragraph (pp. 368-71) and ‘Discussion’ paragraph (pp. 372-73). Additionally, they also appeal to emotion by suggesting how the immature and innocent generations need more attention and parental support in handling stress and social pressures of achieving good grades to survive in the highly competitive society. This has been emphasized in sections of ‘

Applications Of The Law In The Legal Systems Essay - 1

Applications Of The Law In The Legal Systems - Essay Example The Nazis had broken the natural law which is under the Jurisprudence. This is so because the natural law under the jurisprudence refers to use of reason and morality to judge and not solely judge based on legal status. It is usually applied in scenarios where the legal law cannot be enforced due to either lack of the law or the situation is too complicated to have the law. Morality according to the natural law is concerned with differentiating between what is good and what is bad. Reason refers to the motivation behind committing the good or bad act or deed. This is usually what this type of jurisprudence seeks to establish in a case scenario. This was also what the Nazis should have been charged with following the inhumane they committed while under Hitler’s orders as they claimed. Violation of the natural law comes in if those being charged committed any atrocities that were not in line with the morality of human beings (Bix 145). The killings and inhumane treatment accorded to the Jews by the Nazis were bad (immoral) and against human rights. But they claimed to have acted on Hitler’s orders and hence this gives the reason behind their immoral treatment. If the law was to be enforced on the Nazis, the punishment for such actions no matter the reasoning would be severe. Even when the reasons for such acts are incorporated, they still were in a position to decline due to the unethical way those affected were treated hence punishment due to that should have been enforced although not that severely. However, when no law is considered and the reasons are used as the basis for judgment, the Nazis still committed unethical acts against their fellow human beings and hence deserved a form of punishment. Good ethical conduct is against the killing of a fellow human being and especially if the one being killed has not committed any immoral thing.

The Emergence od Peace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Emergence od Peace - Essay Example The most significant reason that made him the most remarkable pope in the Christian history was due to the fact that called for developing the ecumenical council i.e. Vatican II. Based on the formation of Vatican II council, the classic Church practices significantly altered by means of new ecumenism and liturgy. Furthermore, Pope John XXIII has an important contribution in the Christian history, as he kept his view towards addressing the fact that was of high importance to Catholics worldwide. Additionally, restriction to use contraceptives was also regarded as his strong view, as it was claimed that it interferes the procreative will of God. Apparently, he continuously worked towards supporting the traditional viewpoint, which affirmed that married couples should not be divorced. Moreover, his work contributes towards protecting the Church scandal issues. Nevertheless, his contribution towards negotiating peace between Soviet Union and the US is also worth mentioning (Papal Encycli cals Online, â€Å"Encyclical of Pope John XXIII promulgated April 11, 1963†). Pope John XXIII’s encyclical ‘Pacem in Terris’ or rather the ‘Peace on Earth’ proposed during the year 1963 has have a fundamental impact over the Catholic social teaching during the period of war and peace. Additionally, the encyclical proposed by John XXIII during the cold war affirmed to have a dramatic appeal to maintain the decorum of peace among the world leading nations. Moreover, the principle ‘Pacem in Terris’ plays an important role in promoting the church-state relations, rights of the women, religious freedom and dealing with the other major issues. Besides, the encyclical’s state the norms of peace and maintains the intrinsic dignity of every person. Additionally, the impact was seen in the principle to maintain the religious freedom, equitable rights for the weaker section

How to score that perfect 6.0 on GMAT AWA Essay Example for Free

How to score that perfect 6.0 on GMAT AWA Essay This guide is meant for essay-phobes who dread the blank screen with the blinking cursor and/or people who simply want to score well (or full) on the GMAT. As far as my qualifications are concerned, I recently gave the GMAT and with good confidence scored a full 6 on my GMAT AWA, despite being an essay-phobe myself. To get started, you should read Chineseburneds article on AWA Writing here -http://gmatclub.com/forum/how-to-get-6-0-awa-my-guide-64327.html. The idea of his article is to form a template and it suggests some supporting words for you to use while writing your essay. This idea forms the meat of my strategy, and theres no point in me reproducing the material in this already well-known reference article. Also, note that the Issue essay has been discontinued much to my relief, and this guide will focus exclusively on the Argument essay. I actually waited a whole year so I could give the Next-Gen GMAT rather than the old GMAT with 2 essays, and I must say this pathetic strategy paid off 780 + 6 AWA + 8 IR on my first attempt. I do believe the Quant and Verbal scores would have been negatively affected due to the energy drain caused by the 2 essays. Im only going to build on the tips given by Chineseburned, add some more tips and make it EASIER for you to follow. Now that youve read the article, its time to jump into some more tricks: Three things to remember: 1) Remember that the argument essay is more science than art. You need to use connecting words to build up your argument. (Moreover, for example, to illustrate, ; do not use etc unless absolutely necessary, it looks like an open ending make your argument sound robust and confident) People suggest writing about 500 words per essay the reason being unless youre a good writer, its difficult to convey what you want to say minimally. Take a look at the score 6 essay in the Official Guide can you pull off an essay like that? If yes, you dont need this guide I should be taking tips from you. If you cant, read on. A good 500+ word essay usually shows that you can whip up ideas and write atleast well about your ideas in the 30 mins. Its also useful to remember that the GMAT asks for a draft version, not a very awesome finalized essay. So, a bit of structure, good grammar and 3 argument loopholes (2 or 4 is fine, but 3 is a good number to stick to) are all the things that you need to write your essay. 2) Its also useful to keep in mind that one of your raters is an algorithmic e-rater. You can test yourself against the official e-rater by buying the GMAT Write pack from mba.com. I did do this because I wasnt feeling too sure about my scores, and I feel more confident if I know what to expect beforehand. I do suggest you do the same, because its one thing to write an essay and another to see your actual score. The thing here is good structure and grammar with connecting words in a 500+ word essay is almost guaranteed to give you a 6 its how the e-rater seems to be programmed. On top of that, from what Ive read, the human graders seem to be so overburdened with essays to check that they too follow an algorithm almost the same as the e-rater; a longer essay is sure to score better than a shorter one. 3) Don’t worry about making too much sense in the essay. The e-rater can’t validate your facts and figures – it can only read structure. And the reader cannot verify any of them either – trust me, he doesn’t have the time or the inclination nor is he supposed to do so. All they need is structure, grammar and a well substantiated argument. Feel free to conjure examples out of thin air so long as they substantiate your argument. As I’ll explain later, the examples form the bulk of the essay. What does this mean for you? Aim for 500+ words and Im going to show you exactly how to do that. How to write a 500 word essay in 30 mins? After writing my first 2 essays, I realized I was finding it difficult to vomit 500+ pretty words in 30 mins I needed a shortcut. This section is organized in chronological order from a time management perspective. My time breakup was very simple – 1. Type out your template with full introduction and conclusion. Yes, I cheated. I had a 100+ word intro-conc template ready to vomit without even reading the question! And now I have conclusive proof that this strategy works! That should take approximately 3-4 minutes to type. Voila! No more blank screen ï Å , plus you’re free to attack the question and who cares if you even forget the template at this point? Here’s my template: (MS Word word count: 126) â€Å"The argument that omits some very important considerations that are necessary to get a full 360-degree view of the described scenario. The argument does not provide substantive evidence to be able to prove or even support the main conclusion from the given premises. First, the argument readily assumes that†¦ Second, the argument claims that†¦ Lastly, the argument fails to account for the fact that†¦ In summary, the argument is extremely flawed because of the above-mentioned reasons and hence comes across as weak and unconvincing to the reader. If the author had mentioned all the relevant facts that are essential to objectively assess the situation under consideration, the argument would have been much stronger. Without this information, the argument remains unsubstantiated and open to debate.† I must mention that this was close to what I wrote on some of my first practice essays, which helped me memorize it easily. Whatever template you use, just remember to restate the argument in the introduction and keep the other parts independent of the actual argument. Dont fill in the part till the next step. Just mark it with a or whatever and come back to it after reading the question. 2. Now that you’ve typed out your template, take 3-4 mins to read the question and JOT DOWN 3 loopholes. Write them down on your scratchpad, do not memorize. 2B. Fill in the part in the introduction. 3. All that remains is for you to expand your points into 3 paragraphs which we already started in the template. You’ll need about 400 words. I found this difficult initially, but then, as usual, I came up with a trick – elaborate your examples. They are your saviors. Below is one of my last GMAT Write essays note the length of the â€Å"example† sections marked in red. Essay prompt: The following appeared in a memorandum from the director of research and development at Ready-to-Ware, a software engineering firm. â€Å"The package of benefits and incentives that Ready-to-Ware offers to professional staff is too costly. Our quarterly profits have declined since the package was introduced two years ago, at the time of our incorporation. Moreover, the package had little positive effect, as we have had only marginal success in recruiting and training high-quality professional staff. To become more profitable again, Ready-to-Ware should, therefore, offer the reduced benefits package that was in place two years ago and use the savings to fund our current research and development initiatives.† My essay response: â€Å"The argument that Ready-to-Ware should decrease its benefits package for professional staff omits some very important considerations that need to be addressed to get a full 360-degree view of the situation under consideration. The argument does not provide substantive evidence to be able to prove or support the main conclusion from the given premises. First, we need to consider if the decline is profits has occurred solely due to the increase in employee compensation. There could be multiple reasons for the decrease in the companys profits over the past two years. For example, the company might have one of its major customers to a rival, thus putting pressure on the revenues. If this single customer were responsible for more than 50% of the companys revenues, a severe drop in profits is to be expected. Another scenario would be if too many competitors have entered Ready-to-Wares target space, in the process putting pressure on the company to provide considerable discounts to current and prospective customers to maintain and gain market share. This is the same scenario that drove out profits from the auto industry in the 1980s. With too many car manufacturers hogging the same target consumer market, the downward pressure on car prices virtually eliminated the car manufacturers profits. One more example of a profit-declining scenario would be a ramping up of taxes by the government to cover its budget deficit. Companies usually tackle such problems by shifting headquarters to a more tax-friendly location. Hence, the argument fails to convince the reader that the fall in profits was specifically due to the increase in employee benefits and not due to any other cause. Second, the argument claims that Ready-to-Ware had problems retaining high-quality professional staff even with the increased compensation package. However, the author fails to mention the competitiveness of Ready-to-Wares benefits package in comparison to industry standards. Here, there is a good possibility that Ready-to-Wares package was very incompetitive to begin with, thus explaining the companys low employee retention rates. Even with the increased benefits package, we cannot be sure that Ready-to-Ware is providing enough incentives to its professionals to stick with it when faced with any of its rivals offers. For example, if Ready-to-Wares original compensation package totaled $30,000 in value, whereas its rivals were offering $50,000 on an average at that time for the same job position and responsibilities, it becomes quite clear why the company had problems retaining its professional employees. Again, if the increased compensation package equals $40,000 as a sum total of all benefits, it is still not sufficient to satisfy employees who can see the better opportunities offered by its competitors, and that too without considering the fact that the the average job salary in the industry might already have risen above the original $50,000 to adjust for inflation. Lastly, the argument fails to take into account the negative effects of reducing the package. If the company is already facing employee retention issues, this problem might only be exacerbated by the decrease in benefits. Employees might leave the company is hordes, leaving their positions unmanned, and at the same time creating a two-sided problem for the company which might not be able to attract new employees due to their low salary offering. In the worst case scenario which in this case I believe is actually realizable, that company might go out of business and have to liquidate itself. In summary, this argument is extremely flawed and unconvincing for the abovementioned reasons. The author fails to take a complete view of the situation and omits some very important considerations required to assess the merits and issues in this situation. If only the author had taken all the above points into account and omitted the counterarguments, the line of reasoning would have been considerable strengthened. â€Å" Notice how the examples have been stretched out and well-developed? It’s easy to do once you practice a few times. Start telling a story in the example, and many a times you’ll find it’s actually more difficult to stop writing than to keep extending. Practicing a few times will give you a good sense of how long each paragraph should be. In most of my essays, the lengths of the 3 body paragraphs decrease from top to bottom – it’s just because I like it that way. How you want it to look is up to you. Don’t bother to put your 3 points in any order – each can be substantiated well beyond 100 words – your brain will take care of that. To reiterate – conjure examples out of thin air as long as they help strengthen your argument. It’s not cheating, it’s just common sense. A good essay takes time – give me a day and I’ll cook you a feast you’ll never forget; give me a half hour and I’ll microwave leftovers. If I had more time to write that essay above, I’d NEVER EVER have formatted it the way I have done and it’d have come off WAY BETTER than it currently is – and that will be true for your essay too, it’ll be far from your perfect work. But who cares as long as it gets you that 6, eh? And the time allotted for this step? Just make sure you finish your essay by the 29th minute. If you aim for the 29th minute, you might need 30 seconds extra and you’ll have a buffer. I tried to finish it by the 30th minute once when practicing and ended up leaving an open sentence when software abruptly ended my essay session. It’s best to finish by the 29th minute. 4. DO NOT reread. Relax. Trust the template and trust what you’ve filled in the blanks. Rereading will only lead to anxiety and might screw up your later sections. There WILL be mistakes in your essay. Remember – it’s a draft, you’re allowed some grammatical, spelling or punctuation mistakes. Practice Practice makes a man perfect. And women too. Sorry for that clichà ©, but none of this will be helpful unless you write your own essays to get the hang of it. Depending on your confidence level, you’ll need to write 4-8 essays to get comfortable with typing it all out in 30 mins without a hitch. And again, if you want to get really confident about your scores, just get a GMAT Write package – it’s much more satisfying to actually see your essay graded by the actual e-rater algorithm. GMAT Write also gives you a breakup of your score, so it’ll be easier for you to hit the deficient areas if any. On the day of the GMAT Trust your template. Don’t question your method just because it’s mechanical. Remember – you’re running a marathon and this is just the first 1/7th of it. Conserve your energy. Just follow what you’ve planned without questioning. And once the essay is done, forget about it. Concentrate on the sections you’re doing. This article might be about scoring a 6 but most schools don’t care as long as you score a 4+. The high score is just to satisfy your big ego. Best of luck for your GMAT and Id love to hear any feedback!

Adidas Product Life Cycle

Adidas Product Life Cycle The product life cycle concept may apply to our product, Adidas Deep Energy Deodorant. The product life cycle concept helps our marketing managers to plan marketing strategies to address the challenges that our products are likely to face. Products life cycle can be divided into several stages which include introduction stage, growth stage, maturity stage and decline stage. Introduction stage shows small or even no sales and the company make no profit. When the Adidas men deep energy deodorant is introduced, sales will be low until customers become aware of the product and its benefits. This stage involves lots of research, expenditure and planning are required. Advertising costs of our deodorants product are high during this stage in order to quickly increase customer awareness of the product and to target the early adopters. During the introduction stage, we are expecting to incur additional costs related with the initial distribution of the product. These higher costs fixed with a low sales normally make the introduction stage a period of negative profits. Growth stage During growth stage, the sales increase due to attracting more competition into the market. Similar products starts come up and we have to focus on competitive advantages which can be price reduction, value added features or some other innovations. Profits rise due to an increase in output and perhaps better prices. At this stage, it is cheaper for Adidas to invest in enhance their market share as well as enjoying the overall growth of the market. Maturity stage In the maturity stage, sales of our product growth slow and generic competition appear. We may enhance our deodorant product features to differentiate the product. The selling price may start to erode under competitive price. In this stage, competition is strong as companies contest to maintain their market share. The Maturity Stage is the time when most profit is earned by the market as a whole. Some expenditure on research and development is likely to be controlled to our deodorant product modification and improvement and to improve production efficiency and quality. Decline stage In the Decline Stage, the market is reducing, decreasing the overall total of profit that can be shared with other competitors. Decline stage appear for some reasons the sales of our deodorant product start decreasing, the reasons can be some new and better choices or diminishing demand. At this stage, we have to manage our product carefully. It may be likely to cut out some production cost, to transfer production to a cheaper facility, sell the product into other cheaper markets. Core Product Adidas Deep Energy deodorants for Men provide the consumers the fresh, woody fragrance. This deep energy deodorant for men is alcohol-based, and provides excellent anti-bacterial formulation to consumers. It helps in keeping the under-arms fresh all day long, and also facilitate in reducing perspiration levels. In addition, it helps in deactivate the bacteria, and in turn ensuring zero body odors. This deodorant provides great protection against sweat and odor. This range has been developed with athletes in mind to give the best possible protection against sweat and odor. It also reducing ability of bacteria to breed thus gets rid of a sweat smell. Actual product The brand name of our product is Adidas Men Deodorant Clear Stick, Deep Energy. The selling price of it is RM8.90. Packaging design plays a crucial role in helping to communicate the image of the product. Black is a color choice for the packaging. They also used a hard container to emphasize the sport spirit in the product. 3 oz and 85g of a bottle with a slanted black plastic flip-top lid design to the top of it. It is developed for athletes, unique energizing fragrance, and 24 hours fresh power remain. The advertisement for the Adidas deodorant features the three guys playing basketball under the shining hot sun. Mysteriously their faces are not shown, nor the colors that they wear and remain secret. There is just the image of them playing basketball. With the presence of the fading orange background, it seems as if these guys have been playing all day. The color design of the advertisement is very dull. In the middle through the advertisement, on the right hand side, there is a picture of the Adidas deep energy deodorants that the buyer can choose from. Augmented product Things considered part of the augmented product include guarantee, warranty, customer service, accessibility as well as complementary product. Guarantee offers an assurance of the product will perform up to expectations and if not the company marketing the product will support the customers decision to replace, repaired or return for a refund. Warranty provides customers the protection that often extends past the guarantee period to cover repair or replacement of our deodorants product. Customer Service consists of extra services that support the needs of customers including offering training and help using telephone or online. Thus, customers of our product can solve their problem by using these. Complementary Products is the value of some product purchases can be enhanced with add-on products, such as things that make the main product easier to use. For instance, small little cover bag gift with the deodorant which consumers can carry easily. Improves styling or offers functionality which will attract more customers to buy our deodorants product. Accessibility is how customers obtain the product can affect its perceived value depending on how easy it is to obtain, the speed at which it can be obtained, and the possibility its available when needed. We can supply our deodorant products to those convenience stores such as Guardian, Watson, 7-eleven, and supermarkets and so on. So that customers could obtain our deodorants product as easy and available when needed.

Understanding Development Theory And Practice In Third World Politics Essay

Understanding Development Theory And Practice In Third World Politics Essay This book is a good synthesis and critique on the theory of development after Second World War. It takes historical perspective on analyzing development theory and its practice and tries to find the context-specific result of those development theories and policies in the third world. In doing so, Rapley has tried to be unaffected by any ideological orthodoxy but his left-alignment is clearly visible. John Rapley, who is a political scientist involved in the Department of Government, University of West Indies (Mora), has successfully captured the essence of development theories being applied in the third world after World War II, in this book. The book is lucidly written, well organized, and easy to understand. It includes elaborate endnotes, good index, and thoroughly assembled and categorized bibliography in accordance with their dominant theoretical fervor. The analytical approach of the book has been to follow historical comparison of mainstream development theory and practice, with related criticisms on them. For doing this he has measured the dominant debate between left critics and mainstream theorists from the perspective of dominant paradigms. He has presented the ebb and flow of neo-classical theory, and has done counter-criticism on neo-Marxists and developmental state theories. Though his arguments are balanced and analytical, people with capitalist mentality may find his argument on reemergence of neo-classical ideology immature and left-centered, while those with leftist gloss will find his insights illuminating and worthy. Nevertheless, his analysis of this wide area of development history is worthy read to students, practitioners and scholars. The book is organized into nine chapters. The first chapter, The Progress of Development, is an introduction to the argument presented in the book. The chapter two summarizes the dominant theoretical trend of immediate post-war period namely rise of Keynesianism and emergence of third world, followed by modernist, dependency and state centered theories. Rapley meticulously presents the influence of Keynesian thought on post war period of state centered development. Birth of third world and development economics as a separate sub-discipline were influenced by recognition of third world as a separate entity which demands different development policy design as opposed to the IBRD policy measures adopted for reconstructing Europe and other countries of First and Second World. Then, the book describes development economists of structuralist school who designed import substitution industrialization for the third world. This school of thought believed that international trade favours indus trialized North at the expense of developing South. But, soon the problems of structuralist schools were to be found in development world. Chapter 3 reflects on the performance of state-led development. The performance of state-led development in third world showed dismal performance. Import substitution industries were proved bad performer, license system of government increased corruption and bad governance, semi-public institutions increased the debt burden of state, and many SOEs were going bankrupt. All this led to poor export performance, inefficiency, underemployment, and poor agricultural performance. Although the central planning of statist model proved successful to increase output it couldnt ensure quality and efficiency in its performance which led to overall unproductive utilization of available means thus causing systemic failure. All these policy failures and theoretical disenchantment of state-led development model led to the clear decline of state socialism by 1980s enforcing many countries of Latin America and Africa to follow the conditionalities of their creditors with whom they have had large debt overdue. But, exception to these problems were the East Asian economies, who were able to overcome these problems by appropriately combining the effort of state with the efficiency of market competition and thus were able to catch up with the pace of international market competition. In chapter 4 and 5, basically talks about the neoclassical response to the failure of state-oriented development model of earlier period and its recommendation for reform. The neoclassical proponents reviewed the failure of import substitution and state-supported industrial policies by saying that there would be losers along with gainersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ this was not necessarily bad (p. 83) and earlier development model did wrong by helping out the losers who were the main cause of inefficiency. They now advocated for promoting winners by focusing on creating environment for export industries, smaller firms, and export crop farmers. Policies for creating such environment were recommended under the framework of Washington Consensus which included: fiscal austerity, privatization of state owned enterprises (SOEs), trade liberalization, currency devaluation, and abolition of marketing boards, financial and labour market deregulation, and export promotion. Defined under an umbrella term of Structural Adjustment Program (SAP), these neo-classical prescriptions were openly supported and promoted by Bretton Woods Institutions which consequently were reflected in almost all of the third world countries where these institutions were working. Moreover, after some experience of reform initiatives and collapse of socialist economy led to the addition of accountability and transparency in governments operations as required variables for neoclassical development model thus both political and economic reform became elements of its reform agenda. The subsequent critique on the performance of neo-classical SAP framework is elaborately explained in chapter 5. Here, Rapley depicts the limitations of structural adjustment and emphasizes on how its application became successful by not due to its internal theoretical strength but due to seemingly no counter-force due to the fall of left because of long stagnation of socialism during early 1980s, historical exhaustion of dependency theory with no clear output, and loss of the Marxist self-confidence. Rapley writes: some evidence suggests that there is no reason to assume that less government leads to faster growthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. if there is any relationship between the two, it may even be that in the aggregate, more government leads to more growth (p.119). His evaluation of the case of privatization, domestic market liberalization, retrenchment, financial and labour market deregulation demonstrates that there are flaws on the theoretical assumptions and practicalities of structural adjustment program. Its assumption of human beings as rational and self-interested actors is not supported. Many sociologist and anthropologists view human action as a part of collective action and some views like Jean Francois Bayart content that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ just as we cannot expect other peoples to behave the way we do, we cannot apply the same principles to judge their behavior. Similarly, differences between first and third world discredited the apparently same principle of development propounded by structural adjustment program; flaws were seen in new political economy ideology of neo-classical writers. Moreover, the neoclassical logic of accepting the material inequality has been criticized by leftists on moral grounds, even if assuming material inequality to be morally neutral leftist theorists would still condemn it for its economic drawbacks (p.116) to poorer ones. Rapley has given emphasis on the birth of possible challenge to neoclassical theory. He clearly seems to be on the side of the left but is cautious enough to predict that the new paradigm wont be too much influenced by classical left or postmodernist hangover. In chapter 6, he asks for the new paradigm of development to be able to work with market and capitalism, while simultaneously opting for greater role for the state than allowed by structural adjustment program. The neo-institutionalist idea that market does not emerge spontaneously and that different cultural background require the creation of different types of institutions led to the reemergence of the need of state involvement in creating and developing economic institutions. The highly interventionist states of East Asia had selectively protected some strategic industries through tariffs and quota at the same time helped them grow through export subsidies and subsidized credit. They promoted firms towards new forms of produ ction and compelled them to increase their competitiveness. These successful policy measures of East Asian countries have been influential theoretical strands for the reemergence of the developmental state paradigm. Ultimately, in chapter 7 Rapley has returned to the Sub Saharan Africa to show that there are many challenges to follow state-supported development as seen in its successful version of East Asian case. The reasons allotted in the book are internal limitations of Africa (especially the weakness of African state) and international obstacles brought forwarded by international balance of power. His reasons for the seemingly low applicability of Asian developmental model in Africa are more political rather than economic. Some causal factors leading to the crisis of state in Africa like: authoritarianism in the third world, state capacity, concentration of power, class politics, etc. proves for Rapley that Africa is against the tide. Furthermore, he also sees obstacle in international systems to follow the strict state-led growth as enjoyed by East Asian countries in 60s through 80s. Rapley argues, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ it is not only Africa that the emerging practice of development is running i n a direction contrary to that of the theory. The crisis of the state which sees fiscal constraints forcing public authorities to renounce many of their functions, is international in its scope (p.176). Meanwhile retrenchment of state during SAP implementation led to the development of many non-state actors like NGOs, private sector and other groups working as a state within state leading to the weakening of state functions. The chapter 8, entitled as The end of development or a new beginning? is focused on the idea of post-development thought. This thought challenges us to rethink the entire way we conceive development, and to consider the possibility of a paradigm shift (p.177). Presently the world is facing contested political order where there is resurgence of populist movements against globalization to restore control over space/country; while another strand which is closer to postmodern idea is shifting the focus from national to global level through some works like: UN MDGs or WTOs Doha Development Agenda negotiations. Rapley admits: A discipline that emerged in the early post-World War II periodà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ development studies always took for granted the existence of national economies and nation states. Much has changed since. Accordingly, those who take an interest in development are being challenged to conceive new strategies of development. Post-development challenged us to rethink development altogether. (p.200). The recent trend of giving focus on people after the publication of Development As Freedom written by Prof. Amartya Sen has shifted attention of Bretton Woods institutions and other scholars to the fact that development that doesnt improve the lives of the poor people will only provoke resistance and crisis (p.200). Rapley wraps-up the eighth chapter by arguing that the intellectual resistance from post-development ideas and political campaigns of anti-globalization forces has put the agenda of development in the centre stage which is awaiting for good implementation. Finally, in chapter 9 Rapley concludes main arguments presented in the book and also poses some relevant questions demanding serious consideration for leading the future of development. Some of his questions are thought provoking: can development models be universalized? What roles will environmental issues play in development theory? Is there a population time bomb, and how will it affect the third world? What will the new balance between state and society be? At last he has wrapped up his argument by discussing on all these questions in brief. Reviewing the whole book one can easily find that this book is highly comprehensive piece on development theory and practice spending fairly little space or pages. It is praiseworthy to say that this updated volume includes issues of latest debate of 21st century development studies. But, still it has some loopholes. While criticizing on the neoliberal ideas, he has overlooked at its overall performance in countries like India, China, and other high performer countries of 1990s and early 2000s. Similarly, his analysis of third world with high emphasis on African and Latin American countries has ignored poor blocks of South Asian countries and thus has left a large area of development experiment of these years untouched. The number of poor population in South Asian region doesnt justify writers neglect of the region as appropriate. Unlike previous editions of this book, the reviewed third edition has added more to the analysis of future of development. Its analysis of the latest thought of development, viz. post-development, is convincing enough to indicate on the future of development by working together with the questions raised in the concluding chapter. Reading this, readers can guess thatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. Notwithstanding these criticisms, Rapleys work is able to present a comprehensive and succinct treatise on the history of development thoughts and practice in third world. His way of presenting the mainstream argument along with the main criticism propounded by left and others on each of these development theories is interesting and useful. This book is can be recommended as a must read for upper level undergraduate students, useful guide for graduate level students, and a common discourse with new insights for the scholars. Readers will not regret about their time and money spent for the book after completing the last sentence.

Walkabout :: essays research papers

Walkabout Walkabout is about a young girl, her younger brother, and a bush boy who fight for survival in the Australian desert. James Vance Marshall, the author, shows many problems of survival that the children are faced with, throughout their journey in the Australian desert. Some of the barriers that they are faced with are: language barrier, unfamiliar surroundings and the lack of essential items. Survival in the wilderness can be challenging, however one must be able to overcome these barriers in order to survive. The children in this novel are always faced with a communication problem; do to the Aboriginal not knowing their language and visa versa. The children try to overcome this barrier by using hand gestures, and pointing to things that sound like the word. Communication is the most important asset that they need in order for survival. The children have a difficult time-sharing their thoughts with one another, thus making it very frustrating for all of them to get their thoughts out in the open: 'We don't know what you're saying. But we're lost. We want to go to Adelaide' (Marshall, 45). This quote that Peter says is proving that the two children did not understand what he was saying. Peter asked him a question in return but Peter had to try and use hand expressions in order for the Aboriginal to understand. A language barrier can cause many problems for anyone, however, the children are also faced with another obstacle and that is unfamiliar surroundings. Since the children are unfamiliar with the area and where everything is located in the wild, they do not know how to go about in their journey. With no compass and no map, the children are very puzzled and are lost before they even begin their journey to Adelaide. A compass or a map would have allowed them to know which direction they are heading in; instead they must try and use the sun as a guide. By being in an unfamiliar area the children feel lost and alone: 'Lying beneath the great slab of rock, he looked small and helpless, dwarfed by the immensity of his surroundings'; (Marshall, 18). Since the children are unfamiliar with their environment, knowing where they can locate food becomes a dilemma. Essential items needed for survival are always hard to come by in the desert. Food is the most essential item of them all. Walkabout :: essays research papers Walkabout Walkabout is about a young girl, her younger brother, and a bush boy who fight for survival in the Australian desert. James Vance Marshall, the author, shows many problems of survival that the children are faced with, throughout their journey in the Australian desert. Some of the barriers that they are faced with are: language barrier, unfamiliar surroundings and the lack of essential items. Survival in the wilderness can be challenging, however one must be able to overcome these barriers in order to survive. The children in this novel are always faced with a communication problem; do to the Aboriginal not knowing their language and visa versa. The children try to overcome this barrier by using hand gestures, and pointing to things that sound like the word. Communication is the most important asset that they need in order for survival. The children have a difficult time-sharing their thoughts with one another, thus making it very frustrating for all of them to get their thoughts out in the open: 'We don't know what you're saying. But we're lost. We want to go to Adelaide' (Marshall, 45). This quote that Peter says is proving that the two children did not understand what he was saying. Peter asked him a question in return but Peter had to try and use hand expressions in order for the Aboriginal to understand. A language barrier can cause many problems for anyone, however, the children are also faced with another obstacle and that is unfamiliar surroundings. Since the children are unfamiliar with the area and where everything is located in the wild, they do not know how to go about in their journey. With no compass and no map, the children are very puzzled and are lost before they even begin their journey to Adelaide. A compass or a map would have allowed them to know which direction they are heading in; instead they must try and use the sun as a guide. By being in an unfamiliar area the children feel lost and alone: 'Lying beneath the great slab of rock, he looked small and helpless, dwarfed by the immensity of his surroundings'; (Marshall, 18). Since the children are unfamiliar with their environment, knowing where they can locate food becomes a dilemma. Essential items needed for survival are always hard to come by in the desert. Food is the most essential item of them all.

Bill Gates :: essays research papers

Skinny, shy and awkward, teenaged Bill Gates seemed an unlikely successor to his overachieving parents. His father, powerfully built and 6'6'' tall, was a prominent Seattle attorney, and his gregarious mother served on charitable boards and ran the United Way. While he showed enormous talent for math and logic, young Bill, a middle child, was no one's idea of a natural leader, let alone a future billionaire who would reinvent American business. Born in 1955, Gates attended public elementary school, and enrolled in the private Lakeside School at age 12. The following year, Gates wrote his first computer program, at a time when computers were still room-sized machines run by scientists in white coats. Soon afterwards, he and his friend Paul Allen wrote a scheduling program for the school—which coincidentally placed the two in the same classes as the prettiest girls in school. Still in high school, Gates and Allen founded a company called Traf-O-Data, which analyzed city traffic data. Gates set off for Harvard University intending to become a lawyer like his father. Still shy and awkward, he rarely ventured out to parties unless dragged by his friend Steve Ballmer, whom he later repaid by naming him president of Microsoft. One day in December 1974, Allen, who was working at Honeywell outside of Boston, showed Gates a Popular Mechanics cover featuring the Altair 8800, a $397 computer from M.I.T.S. computing that any hobbyist could build. The only thing the computer lacked, besides a keyboard and monitor, was software. Gates and Allen contacted the head of M.I.T.S. and said they could provide a version of BASIC for the Altair. After a successful demonstration at the company's Albuquerque headquarters, M.I.T.S. contracted with Gates and Allen for programming languages. The pair moved to New Mexico and started Micro-soft (they dropped the hypen later). Although the company's first five clients went bankrupt, the company struggled on, moving to Seattle in 1979. The following year, IBM asked Gates to provide an operating system for its first personal computer. Gates purchased a system called QDOS (Quick and Dirty Operating System) for $50,000 from another company, changed the name to MS-DOS, and licensed it to IBM. The IBM PC took the market by storm when it was introduced in 1981—and licensing fees streamed into Microsoft, ensuring the company's survival over the next several years. Microsoft continued concentrating on the software market, adding consumer applications like Microsoft Word and Microsoft Excel.

Informative Speech on 9/11 Planes Essay

How many of you can still remember exactly where you was on 9/11? I remember I was in my 2nd grade classroom and hearing over the intercom that our teachers needed to turn on the T.V. As we began watching the horrific events that was taking place and yet to take place, we was all confused on what was happening, and why. We just knew what we was watching was not normal. The World Trade Center attacks were part of a strategic plan of a terrorist group al-Qaeda. Throughout the speech, I will be mapping out the attacks as they unraveled. Four planes were hijacked, each intended for different targets. According to the New York Times, the flights that were hijacked included American Airlines Flight 11, United Airlines Flight 175, American Airlines 77, and United Airlines Flight 93 (Schememann A1.) American Airlines Flight 11, which carried five Al-Qaeda terrorists, 81 passengers, and 11 crewmembers, was the first plane to hit the North Twin Tower. The flight was scheduled from Boston, Massachusetts to L.A. California. Within fifteen minutes of that flight, the Al-Qaeda hijackers had injured three people, killed one, and forcibly made their way into the cockpit, and overtook the captain and first officer. Mohamed Atta was the hijacker that took over the planes control, and was in control of the events that followed. The air control system realized something was wrong when they lost all contact with American Airlines Flight 11, until Mohamed Atta, accidently sent a message to the air control system instead of the passengers in the plane. At 8:46 local time, the aircraft crashed into the North tower of the World Trade Center. 102 minutes after the impact, the North tower of the World Trade center collapsed. United Airlines Flight 175 was the second passenger flight, which carried five hijackers and 60 people, which was boarded to go from Boston, Massachusetts, to Los Angeles, California. Within 30 minutes of take off, the hijackers had forcefully entered the cockpit and overruled the pilot and first officer, allowing Marwan al-Shehhi to control the airplane from then on. Unlike American Airlines Flight 11, Airlines Flight 175 kept their air traffic control system on, and it was visible on New York Center’s radar. Many of the passengers and also crew members made phones calls from the phones located on the plane. 17 minutes after the North Tower was hit by American Airlines Flight 11, the United Airlines Flight 175 then struck the South Tower, which was the only impact from September 11, 2001 that was seen live on television as it occurred. 56 minutes after the impact on the South Tower, of the World Trade center, the building collapsed. American Airlines Flight 77, which killed the five Al-Qaeda terrorists and 59 passengers boarded the plane, and also the 125 people that were in the building of the third attack, the Pentagon located in Washington, D.C. The flight was departing from Dulles, Virginia to the destination of Los Angeles, California. It took the five hijackers 35 minutes to intrude the cockpit; Hani Jonjour then took over as the pilot of American Airlines Flight 77. The western side of the Pentagon at 9:37 was hit. At 10:10 A.M. a section of the Pentagon had collapsed, it took days for firefighters to extinguish the massive fire. United Airlines Flight 93, withheld four Al-Qaeda terrorists and 44 passengers, crashed into a field near Stonycreek, Township, Pennsylvania. It only took the Al-Qaeda members 46 minutes to take control over the plane. The passengers of the plane had decided they were not going to let the hijackers hit their target and kill them without an attempt to recover the planes control. The passengers on the plane were in touch with people from the phones, to be aware that the World Trade Center had been hit, along with the Pentagon. The passengers attempted to gain back the control of United Airlines Flight 93, and during this attempt, the plane crashed into the field in Stonycreek Township. United Airlines Flight 93 was the only plane that did not reach its hijackers’ target. Many of us was aware of the events that took place on 9/11, but really didn’t know much about the passengers that was boarded those four planes on September 11, 2001, a day that forever change America. On Flight 11, Charles â€Å"Chuck† Jones, 48, almost made it into outer space. He was qualified to fly on the space shuttle and was scheduled to fly a mission when the 1987 Challenger explosion indefinitely postponed launched. On Flight 77, Suzanna Calley, 42, of California, would have celebrated her 20th wedding anniversary on Wednesday, September 12th, and her 43rd birthday on Monday, September 17. On Flight 175, Ruth McCourt, 45, and her daughter, Juliana, age 4, were aboard United Airline Flight 175. Ruth McCourt’s brother, Ronnie, escaped the ground floor of the World Trade Center. On Flight 93, Todd Beamer, 32, leaves a pregnant wife and two sons. His family believes that he died when he and other passengers tried recovering Flight 93 from the hijackers. The flights of 11, 77, 175, and 93 has forever change the life of America and on 9/11, there will always be a moment of silence for the people that bravely lost their lives that day. Work Cited http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Airlines_Flight_11 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_93 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Airlines_Flight_77 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_175 http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2001/09/11/victims-capsules.htm

Requirements for Higher Level Teaching Assistants (HTLA) Essay

The role of the HLTA is to support learning for all children. Historically Teaching Assistants were none teaching adults who helped qualified teachers carry out day to day preparatory and administrative tasks and provide pastoral care to children (Calyton 1993). In 1998 the Local Government Chronicle published a summary of a Green Paper (LGC 1998) which outlined that a greater number of better trained teaching assistants would be more effective. In order to support learning for all children all support staff need to have a good understanding of how children learn. HLTA’s do not take the role of teacher but needs to have knowledge and understanding of how to work with individual and groups of children or in classes. Training is required to understand the responsibilities that are complex and the level of autonomy they have compared to other classroom support staff. The HLTA will have to take responsibility for tasks that are detailed and specific under the teacher of head teach er that is being assisted. Every HTLA will have different training and development needs as each will have existing skills, knowledge and experience they will need to be able to demonstrate competence in management skills to work and guide other support staff, in line with the schools and head teacher’s requirements. Understanding the curriculum a HTLA will contribute to the creation of education plans and timetables for children. Working in a pastoral capacity the HTLA will need to be able to contribute to healthy and beneficial relationships between parents/carers and the school.The training requirements for the HLTA include the understanding of the HLTA standards and qualifications. Numeracy and Literacy skills are essential in order to maintain the National Occupational Standards (NOS) STL6 Support Literacy and Numeracy activities, as a minimum understanding to NVQ level 2 in English and Math. Training should include development of skills and training in learning strategies in order to be able to ad apt to specific learning needs of individuals and groups. To adequately support teachers and children the HLTA should develop skills and training in curriculum development and delivery. The HLTA should have knowledge and competence in the use of ICT and have the ability to demonstrate the use of basic ICT programmes, use of electronic communication, social media and accessing the internet. The HLTAÂ  will develop knowledge and understanding of Policies, procedures, regulations and laws specially relevant to education, working with young people and schools. The HLTA should be able to identify personal development goals and targets as well as have the skills, knowledge and experience to assess other individuals. Within the role of HLTA the development and maintenance of relationships at all levels is key to the enabling children and young people to develop to the maximum of their individual ability, encouraging them to higher aspirations and achievements. The HLTA will need know and understand the mandatory policies, practices, activities that promote inclusion as well as a working knowledge of the requirements of health, hygiene and safety in a school environment. What are the National Occupational Standards (NOS)? What Purpose do they serve? The National Occupational Standards were developed in conjunction with school leaders to give clear guidance and standards to describe the support staff role within the classroom and school. The standards set out what Teaching Assistants who are working at a higher level need to know and what they are able to do. Some of the elements of the NOS are applicable to other industries and commercial roles, these elements primarily involve development of staff identifying development needs and improving staff performance for business benefit. The clarity of the standards provides structure for a wide range of training and development, without being prescriptive. Schools can access a range of options to meet their specific needs and standards within their school curriculum and staffing capacity and capability. The key benefits of the NOS are that they are transparent and provide clarity that enables schools to manage the recruitment, development and progression of support staff. There are 69 elements within the 33 NOS standards which assessed through demonstration These are broken down into:- Professional values and practice (standards 1-7) Encouraging children and young adults to have high expectations to achieve their full potential in school and adult life. Building relationships based on respect and trust with children, young people, colleagues, parents and carers. Personal development of knowledge Professional knowledge and understanding (standards 8-16) Within this section HLTA’s must demonstrate through practice that ehy Understand diversity and key factors that affect children and young people’s learning and progress They have sufficient understanding of their area(s) of expertise to develop learning They have a level 2 qualification or above English and Mathematics Know how to use ICT to support their professional activities Understand the curriculum , statutory and non statutory frameworks and can relate it to age range and abilities. Understand content, objectives and intended outcomes for specific learning activities. Know how to support learners accessing the curriculum in accordance with Special Educational Needs (SEN) code of practice and disabilities legislation Know how other frameworks, that support the development and wellbeing of children and young people impact on their practice. Professional Skills working under the direction and supervision of an assigned teacher and in accordance with arrangements mad e by the head teacher of the school. Planning and expectations (standards 17 – 21) Use of their area of expertise contribute the the planning and preparation of learning activies and plan their role in learning activities Plan and devise clearly structured activities that interest, motivate and advance learning as well as supporting inclusion of children and young people in their learning activities Contribute to the selection and preparation of resources suitable for learning Monitoring and assessment (standards 22-26) Monitor learners ‘ responses and progress and modify approaches and provide focused feedback Support the evaluation of learners’ progress using a range of assessments techniques Contribute to maintaining and analysing records of learners’ progress Teaching and Learning activities (standards 26 – 33) Recognise and respond appropriately to situations that challenge equality of opportunity and use effective strategies to promote positive behaviours’. Use ICT skills to advance learning Advance learning when working with individuals, small groups and classes without the presence of the assigned teacher Organise and manage learning activities in ways which keep learners safe Direct the work where relevant, of other adults in supporting learning. How do Higher Level Teaching Assistants support children in school? The HLTA role is to assist the teaching staff to support the learning of individuals and groups. They work with greater autonomy than other classroom support but do not replace the role of the teacher. Helping manage and provide guidance to other support staff in their responsibilities and duties. The HLTA will only undertake support activities with agreement and guidance from the teacher or head teacher being assisted, contributing to the development and delivery of education plans and timetables for children. The HLTA will use their experience and knowledge to identify opportunities for improvement in the performance of learners by setting goals and targets for learning and behaviours. The HLTA will monitor and maintain records of learning as well as school records which will include personal information in line with the Data Protection Act 1998. HLTA’s have a more one to one relationship with children assisting with learning through a more sustained interaction, the HLTA will have a roving role as well as a specific allocated individual or group support for learning. HLTA’s have a more generalist approach to learning and offer support to teaching through specialist help e.g. technology skills, counselling, careers advice providing a positive impact on pupil behaviour, discipline and improving social skills. References Research Brief DCSF-RB0287 – ISBN 978 1 84775 111 9 Deployment and Impact of Support Staff in Schools Peter Blatchford, Paul Bassett, Penelope Brown, Claire Martin, Anthony Russell and Robert Webster with Selma Babayigit and Naomi Haywood, Institute of Education, University of London Department of Education, National College for Teaching and Leadership, HLTA programme: Professional Standards TDA, National Occupation Standards booklet, updated October 2010 www.ukessays.com

William Blake’s Songs of Innocence

Flake's use of the pastoral in Songs of Innocence and Experience Put simply, Flake's Songs of Innocence and Experience Juxtapose the innocent pastoral world of childhood against an adult world of corruption and repression. The collection as a whole, by meaner of paired poems in Innocence and Experience (The Lamb, The Tiger; The Echoing Green, The Garden of Love/London; The Nurse's Song (l and E); Introduction (l and E); The Chimney sweeper (l and E), etc) explores the value and limitations of two different perspectives of the world. The same situation or problem is seen through the eyes or perspective of Innocence first, then Experience.Blake stands outside Innocence and Experience, in a distanced position from which he recognizes and attempts to correct the fallacies of both perspectives. He uses the pastoral, in many songs, to attack oppressive and destructive authority (Church, King, parent's, adult figures), restrictive morality, sexual repression, established religion – t he Established Church, social inequality, militarism. The pastoral is a literary style that presents an idealism and artificial picture of rural life, the naturalness and innocence of which is seen in contrast with the corruption and artificiality of city and court.The pastoral is often seen as a nostalgic looking back at a lost paradise, a lost Eden, a lost Golden Age. However, Blake does something different with the pastoral. Firstly, he rejects the nostalgia of the ideal in order to show the real human condition. He does this by opposing pastoral ideal and urban reality both within the single states of Innocence and Experience and between the two states. (For example – ‘Introduction' of Innocence, ‘The Shepherd'). Secondly, he radically redefines the relation of the pastoral to the city because the Songs as a volume could be said to take place in the city.Blake frames the obviously pastoral scenes within an urban setting in a way that breaks down the convention al city/ country dichotomy – and his criticism is aimed at not merely social problems, but the source of these problems – a limited way of seeing. Within Innocence, Blake takes us into the frame, or confinement of the pastoral space and explores inner tensions, exposing and attacking social problems. For example, in ‘The Little Girl Lost' of Innocence, the pastoral setting is that of ‘a desert wild' that becomes ‘a garden mild'.The reference is the biblical image in Isaiah 35 of an ideal mime in which the ‘desert shall rejoice, and blossom as the rose'. Lacy, the innocent child, lives ‘In the southern clime'/Where the summer's prime/Never fades away (distinctly pastoral! ). She ‘had wandered oleomargarine the wild birds' song. Blake brings in a contrast between Local's trust and her parent's' fear (that she is lost and will come to harm). For Lacy, there is no cause for distress, except consideration of her mother's feelings (if my m other sleeplessly shall not weep').The other side of the conflict is the parent's' fear and concern: As far as they are concerned, there is nowhere safe; (Where can Lacy sleep? . Their concern becomes more and more self- centered, until it becomes emotional blackmail (oho can Lacy sleep,/elf her mother weep? ). A moral prescription is then introduced – Lacy ought to be worried – and we notice that this is Justified only by the mother's distress, not by any real danger. By meaner of the command, ‘Then let Lacy wake', Blake shows how fear turns into tyranny. The parent's' fear of nature has made them unreasonable – They command their daughter to be unhappy, simply because they are.Stanza 8 resolves the conflict as Local's surroundings become transformed – the desert is ‘bright'. Local's positive perception dominates the rest of the poem – The imperative, ‘Let' in the line, ‘Let thy moon arise', underlines her opposition to her parent's. The pivotal word, ‘bright' stands between Local's and her parent's' attitudes to nature (for the parent's, it is a dark, unknown world of fear; for Lacy, it is safe and bright. ) The lion licks Local's bosom and the lioness ‘Loosed her slender dress'. The dress is a symbol of her parent's' upbringing, which Local's perception can cast off.She is naked, so shame is removed (a reference to Adam and Eve's nakedness in the Garden of Eden). In the ext poem, ‘The Little Girl Found', the lion's masculinity, his mane, was what frightened the parent's (soon his heavy man/Bore them to the ground'). So, the poem conveys the need for sexual freedom, natural energy, sexual energy, feared by Local's parent's. (In ‘The Little Girl Found', the parent's' perception of the lion as fearful is transformed -then they followed/Where the vision led'- by meaner of transforming their vision, their perspective, the parent's' fear disappears (nor fear the wolfish howl,/Nor t he lion's growl').Within the pastoral frame of the Garden of Eden, Blake explores inner tensions, exposing and attacking social problems. (In The Marriage of Heaven and Hell, which Blake wrote between the two parts of the Songs, he stresses that man's instincts are not fallen (sinful from the moment of birth) and therefore to follow the instinctive desire for love and pleasure cannot be wrong: The soul of sweet delight can never be defiled. On the contrary, it is the thwarting of desire that leads to corruption and a warping of the personality: Sooner murder an infant in its cradle than nurse enacted desires.The conventional goodness of Flake's time, therefore, is Just a passive failure o act out desire and is not something to be admired, unlike evil which is evidence of positive energy:. Good is the passive that obeys reason. Evil is the active springing from energy and Energy is eternal delight. So, in the volume of Songs of Innocence and Experience, the tensions, oppositions or c onflicts are within the frames of a song, as well as between the two contrary worlds of Innocence and Experience.The Songs not only Juxtapose pastoral ideal with urban reality (echoing Greenwood's'; ‘Echoing Green/'The Garden of Love'), but within the single state of Innocence, pastoral images are Juxtaposed with a flawed urban society. The oppositions also exist within the single states of Innocence and Experience. The Songs of Innocence begins with a clearly pastoral ‘Introduction' followed by ‘The Shepherd', ‘The Echoing Green' and, of course, ‘The Lamb'(in Flake's final order of the Songs). These songs show pastoral harmony between humans and nature.However, we are led out of (or in and out of, depending on the order of Songs), pastoral and into a disturbing world of social difference and injustice through such lyrics as ‘The Little Black Boy, ‘The Chimney Sweeper'(l). Yet even these songs eave a pastoral element. Tom Decree, in ‘T he Chimney Sweeper', is identified with the lamb of pastoral and of innocence through his hair, That curled like a lamb's back. The black boys mother describes his body as a ‘shady grove' that enables the soul to bear the beams of love', identifying the time on earth as a ‘little space', akin to a pastoral retreat, rather than a time of preparation labor.The pastoral narratives in both poems seek to free the boys from the stigma of their blackness, but ironically that freedom, in the form of a pastoral paradise, is attainable only after death. In ‘The Chimney Sweeper'(l), an angel ‘opened the coffins and set them all free. /Then down a green plain leaping, laughing they run,/And wash in a river and shine in the sun'. In ‘The Little Black Boy, God's voice will call: ‘Come out from the grove my love and care,] And round my golden tent like lambs rejoice'.Only in death will the white boy be taught to reject his ignorant racist views: ‘And then I'll stand and stroke his silver hair/And be like him, and he will then love me'. So, Blake uses the pastoral to attack social evils and injustice, but also exposes the limits and inadequacies of the pastoral ideal. He transcends the pastoral to show the limits of pastoral innocence; to criticism the human condition; and to show a new vision. He does this by rejecting the nostalgia of the ideal to show the real condition – by opposing the pastoral ideal with urban reality.The dual presence of town and country, idealization and realism, celebration and regret provides the tension that is fundamental to the pastoral space. The pastoral's critical function is based upon the writer's handling of internal tensions between oppositions. Flake's objective in Songs of Innocence and Experience is to show the wow contrary states of the human soul'. He shows that we create our worlds by meaner of our perception of it. (Milton: ‘A mind is its own place, and in itself/Can make a Heav en of Hell, a Hell of Heaven' Paradise Lost).Our world is ‘Innocent' – loving, meek and mild, delightful, protected, gentle – if we perceive its creator as loving, caring and protective. But there are limits to this vision; we are vulnerable because we are ignorant of the dangers and threats that exist. The world of Experience is one that is dark, authoritative, oppressive, uncaring and repressive of enjoyment. We see ourselves imprisoned in this despair if we perceive its creator as oppressive, cruel, punitive and Judgmental – and if we perceive ourselves as imprisoned in Original Sin.The two worlds opposed are those of childhood innocence and adult experience. He uses iconic pastoral images (piper and muse, shepherds, rural idyll, innocence of childhood, the Garden of Eden, gardens and greens, lambs, pathetic fallacy) and pastoral states (harmony, Joy, protection, care, love) and opposes these to urban images and states of adult authority and cruelty, st ate and church repression and authority, dishonest and destructive emotions.Blake sets up oppositions, in the frames of the poems (as artistic creations) between Innocence and Experience and within Innocence and Experience. Blake provides (in Songs of Innocence) pastoral images, but shows the limits of pastoral innocence. In Songs of Experience, he writes in anti-pastoral mode and uses pastoral images to show the destruction of innocence, as well as ways to regain innocence in a vision of a New World.Discussion of ‘putting the complex into the simple': Approaches – discussion of ‘The Lamb' and ‘The Tiger', pages 91 – 101 Songs of Innocence and Experience can be regarded as anti-pastoral: Blake exposes he limitations of a comfortable image of pastoral innocence by 1) redefining the relationship between city and country (Russ in rube – the country in the city); 2) he uses the pastoral as a frame to expose social injustice and human suffering; 3) he uses pastoral images to show true innocence, then subverts these, both in Innocence and Experience, to expose the dark world of adult authority and repression.Blake use pastoral, not to show the contrast between rural and urban, but to expose the injustices of the human condition. Blake was a poet of the city, of London, and his pastoral setting is in the greens, parks and gardens of London.